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Appendix I — A Comparison Between the Old and New Covenants

A physical covenant based on physical
promises. Ex. 19:5-6; Deut. 28; Lev. 26

NC:

A spiritual covenant based on spiritual
promises and eternal life. John 3:16;
Heb. 8:6; 9:15; Rom. 8; Luke 18:29-30

2) OC:

Required physical circumcision.
Gen. 17:9; Ex. 12:48; John 7:22

NC:

Circumcision is of the heart through
baptism. Acts 2:38; 3:19; Rom. 2:25-29;
Phil. 3:3; Jer. 4:4; Col. 2:11-13

3) OC:

Holy Spirit generally not available;
obedience was to the letter of the Law.
Rom. 7:6; Heb. 8:7-9; Matt. 5:21-45

NC:

Believers have the gift of the Holy Spirit
and obey in the spirit of the Law. Rom.
7:6; Heb. 8:10-12; 10:16; Matt. 5:21-48;
6:1-34; Acts 2:38; Rom. 8:9-10; Gal. 2:20

4) OC:

Worship at the earthly tabernacle through
human priest/mediator. Heb. 9:13;
Gal. 3:12; Lev. 18:5; II Cor. 3:16

NC:

Directly worship God the Father in
heaven through Christ. John 4:23-24;
16:23-27; Heb. 6:20; 10:23; Rom. 8:9-39;
Eph. 2:18-22; II Cor. 3:6

5) OC:

Had animal sacrifices, offerings and ritual
works of the law. Lev. 1-7

NC:

Have the ultimate sacrifice of Christ, fruits
of the Holy Spirit, prayer and good works.
Heb. 9:10; Heb. 10:12; Gal. 5:22-24;
Eph. 2:10; Rom. 12:1-2; Rev. 8:3-5;
Heb. 13:15; Matt. 19:17; Mark 15:15-18

6) OC:

Transgression of the Law required physical
atonement for certain sins, death penalty
for others. Heb. 9:7-10; II Cor. 3

NC:

Forgiveness for sins upon repentance;
second death for unpardonable sin.
Heb. 8:5; 9:1-5; 9:2-28; 10:16-31;
Rev. 20:14-15; 21:8; II Cor. 3

7) OC:

Had physical ordinances of divine service
and an earthly sanctuary. Heb. 9:1-5

NC:

Has actual divine service and a heavenly
sanctuary. Heb. 8:5; 9:1-5, 24-28;
10:16-31; Rev. 8:3-4

8) OC:

Earthly tabernacle consecrated with
animal blood. Heb. 9:18-23; Ex. 24:3-8;
40:1-38

NC:

Heavenly tabernacle consecrated with the
blood of Jesus Christ. Luke 22:19-22;
I Cor. 11:23-32; Heb. 9:14-28; 10:5-14

9) OC:

Sons of Aaron were high priests of earthly
tabernacle. Heb. 8:3-5; Ex. 28:1

NC:

Christ is now High Priest of heavenly
tabernacle. Heb. 4:14-16; 5:1-9; 7:17;
8:1-2; 9:11

10) OC:

Priests offered animal sacrifices for
physical justification and purifying of the
flesh; high priest went into Holy of Holies
once a year. Heb. 5:1-3; 9:1-13

NC:

Christ offered Himself once as the sacrifice
for sin; spiritual justification is now
possible for all. Heb. 7:25-27; 9:23-28;
Acts 11:18; Gal. 2:20; Rom. 3:24-25

11) OC:

No direct access to God the Father.
Heb. 9:6-8; 10:19

NC:

Direct access to the Father through Christ.
Matt. 27:51; Heb. 4:14-16; 7:25-27;
John 16; Gal. 4:6-7; Rom. 8:15; Eph. 2:18

12) OC:

Could not make one perfect as pertaining
to conscience. Heb. 9:9; 10:4, 11

NC:

Sin is spiritually forgiven; the conscience
is purged through the Holy Spirit.
Heb. 10:14-17; II Cor. 3:9</>; Col. 1:27 ;
Phil. 2:5 ; 3:9-17 ; Matt. 5:48 ; Eph. 4

13) OC:

Sacrifices and oblations ceased to be
effective at the time the new spiritual
order was established by Christ. Heb. 9:9-10

NC:

Christ’s supreme sacrifice applies to all
who accept it (from time of Adam to the
end of humanity). Heb. 10:10-14

14) OC:

The Old Covenant was made obsolete by
the death of Christ. Heb. 8:13; 10:9;
Matt. 27:51

NC:

The New Covenant was established after
Christ’s death, resurrection and ascension.
Heb. 8:13; Matt. 27:51

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